Borderline Intellectual Functioning in Developmental Age
Paolo Stievano, Valeria Mammarella, Sergio Melogno, Carlo Di Brina
Borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by an intelligence quotient between 70 and 85. Although it does not meet criteria for intellectual disability according to international diagnostic classifications (DSM-5-TR, ICD-11), BIF is associated with significant cognitive, academic, adaptive, and relational difficulties. Despite an estimated prevalence between 7% and 14% in the developmental population, BIF remains poorly recognized within the main nosographic categories and regulatory frameworks, including those applied in Italy. This systematic review analysed peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024 involving individuals aged 5 to 18 years. Findings indicate a heterogeneous neuropsychological profile, with impairments in working memory, executive functions, attention, language, and mathematical skills, frequently co-occurring with ADHD and learning disorders. The most effective interventions include neuro-cognitive training, psychotherapeutic programmes, and psycho-educational support combined with personalized educational strategies. Considering this evidence, the need to develop diagnostic and therapeutic care pathways for BIF is emphasized, to enable integrated and timely management by healthcare, educational, and social services. The formal recognition of BIF within Italian policy frameworks is essential to ensure inclusion, continuity of care, and the prevention of psychopathological outcomes.
Keywords
Borderline intellectual functioning, Neurodevelopmental disorders, Neuropsychological profile, Psychopathology, Cognitive behavioural therapy, School inclusion.
